When was pedro de unamuno born

As a matter of fact, microfilm copies of historical documents on the Philippines from the National Archives of Mexico where presented as a gift to the then Records Management and Archive Office, but these were not fully utilized and deteriorated in storage. On the bright side was the people-to-people exchange resulting from the Philippines-Mexico Joint Commission on Culture , specifically the visit of a group of Mexican historians to Manila and a reciprocal visit of Filipino historians to Mexico.

While most of the participants were familiar old faces, like Cristina Barron and Benito Legarda, the involvement of younger scholars was expected to revive interest in our shared past. History becomes relevant to our time when we realize that globalization is not new.

We had it in the Galleon Trade between Mexico and the Philippines four centuries ago. LAYA October 11, , pm. The earliest was due to the Dutch War of Independence. Fed up with oppressive Viceroys and high taxes, the Dutch rose in revolt in Merchants had profitably traded in spices through Portuguese ports then controlled by Spain but Philip II closed these to the Dutch The latter then began to look for alternative routes to Asia.

They lingered, targeting incoming junks from China and Japan with goods for the Manila-Acapulco trade. The Spanish flagship sank but 19 Dutchmen were captured and executed.

Continuing its struggle for independence and commercial dominance, the Dutch sought to damage Spanish trade by blocking Manila Bay , by gaining control of the Moluccas, and by capturing silver-loaded Galleons arriving from Acapulco. Our indio ancestors were collared and forced to work felling trees and dragging logs to shipyards; constructing ships and military defenses; supplying foodstuff; crewing galleons and warships. Uprooted from their families, forced to do work they had never done before, exposed to new diseases e.

Decisive encounters occurred in The outnumbered Spanish only had two decrepit ships vs. Defeat would have meant the end of Spain in the Philippines.

The desperate Spaniards put themselves into the hands of the Virgin, Nstra. Del Rosario, and with four Dominican friars, bravely sailed off to battle. Against all odds, the Spanish — undoubtedly with indio sailors and crew — won in a series of encounters: March 16, off Bolinao, Pangasinan as the Dutch waited to ambush an incoming galleon and in later cat-and-mouse battles — July 29 and July 31 in the seas between Mindoro, Marinduque and Romblon near Banton and Maestre de Campo ; and September 15 northwest of Cape Calavite in Mindoro near Lubang.

Domingo then in Intramuros , which they did after winning the final October 4, battle near Corregidor. For the th time, we remembered how long ago, the Spanish drove the Dutch away.

Comments are cordially invited, addressed to walalang mb. International Conference on the Galleon and the making of the Pacific. November 8, , pm. Historically, the Philippine economy was highly linked to the Manila Galleon trade during the Spanish era and with bilateral trade with the Americans during the American colonial period. During the term of President Carlos P. Garcia, pro-Filipino economic policies were first implemented. Discoveries in geography. More like this Similar Items. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private.

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Cancel Forgot your password? Pedro de Unamuno ; Henry R Wagner. Article : Biography : English. California Historial Society Quarterly. Pacific Coast -- Discovery and exploration. Similar Items. Home About Help Search. Hector Santos details the landing story Here is a Map of California , showing that the town of Morro Bay was called simply "Morro," and illustrating where alternative landing sites could have been, such as in Port Harford now called Port San Luis near Avila Beach about 15 miles to the south.

Here are some arguments suggesting that the Unamuno landing never occurred:. No mention was ever made of the existence of Morro Rock. Obviously, Morro Rock existed in , and it would have been hard to miss during a two-day stay. How could anyone have made such an historic landing, lasting several days, and not have mentioned Morro Rock? Also, no mention was ever made of the presence of a sand spit.

There is only reference to the "beach. We know today that the sand spit existed in Archeological data chronicle native sites on its northern end of the sandspit, dating to years ago. It was stated above that the Unamuno party camped for the night under great oak trees near a river. The general area of Morro Bay was essentially treeless before settlement.

Here is a photo of a typical primitive astrolabe of the day see also Hector Santos's site for another example. These are hardly devices worthy of computing latitude to a fraction of a degree.

Unamuno stated that they made their observation between am and noon. It was not a night observation of Polaris, the north star, that would have been more accurate. It was also not made exactly at noon and would have required the interpolation of values in their charts, adding to errors already built in.

Wagner tries to explain away some of the discrepancies in topological features described by Unamuno in his narrative. Whether or not that landing was in Morro Bay is open to interpretation. There are many photos of the Morro Bay harbor from around before the Rock was connected to the mainland, and the channel dredged e. The description of the landing from Unamuno does not seem at all consistent with what we know about Morro Bay harbor from years ago.

A landing party was sent to shore which included Luzon Indios, marking the first landing of Filipinos in the continental United States. The landing party took official possession of the area for Spain by putting up a cross made of branches. The group was attacked by native Indians two days later, and one of the Filipinos was killed. Unamuno and his crew gave up further exploration of this part of the coast. Filipinos Luzones Indios were among the crewmembers.

Several Filipinos were sent to scout the shore. On October 20, during a skirmish with local Indians, one Filipino was killed.